The Spartan political system, traditionally attributed to Lycurgus, featured a unique combination of elements: two kings, a Senate of elders, and a Popular Assembly.
Dual Monarchy: The two kings resembled the Roman consuls, acting as checks on each other. This system prevented tyrannical rule for centuries. However, their power was largely symbolic except during wartime. In essence, Sparta was an aristocracy ruled by a privileged class similar to Medieval European lords.
The Senate (Gerousia): This council of twenty-eight elders, along with the two kings, wielded significant power. Membership was restricted to those over sixty and likely predated Lycurgus, who may have reformed its functions. A unique election process involved gauging crowd noise in response to each candidate. This method somewhat resembled practices in modern political conventions.
The Ephorate: Initially, the Senate held immense power, even over life and death. However, the ephors, five officials elected by the Assembly, gradually took over many of the Senate's and the kings' responsibilities.
The Popular Assembly: All Spartan citizens over thirty participated in this body. It voted on laws and war/peace decisions, but only on matters pre-approved by the Senate. Similar to the Senate elections, decisions were often made by acclamation (cheers) or, in crucial matters, by voting. Unlike Athens, debates were discouraged; Spartans valued action over talk.
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